The amino group at C-2 bears a fatty acid in amide linkage.

The fatty acid is usually saturated or monounsaturated, with 16, 18, 22, or 24 carbon atoms.

Ceramide is the parent compound for this group.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8112

#XL - T Zoology

The amino group at C-2 bears a fatty acid in amide linkage.

The fatty acid is usually saturated or monounsaturated, with 16, 18, 22, or 24 carbon atoms.

Ceramide is the parent compound for this group.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9364

#XL - T Zoology

Simultaneously, two serines in each Smad2/3 phosphorylated by RI receptor kinase bind to phosphoserine-binding sites in the MH2 domains of a Smad4

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9365

#XL - T Zoology

Inside the nucleus, R smad-co smad complex binds to nuclear transcription factor TFE3 to activate transcription of PAI-1 & other ECM proteins such as fibronectin & collagens

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9366

#XL - T Zoology

Within the nucleus, R-Smads are modified by:

Phosphorylation of linker domains

Acetylation of MH1 domains

Dephosphorylation of the C-terminal serines by nuclear

phosphatases

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9367

#XL - T Zoology

BMP proteins, activate a different set of receptors that are similar to the TGF-β RI and RII proteins but phosphorylate other R-Smads, Smad1, Smad5, & Smad8

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9368

#XL - T Zoology

Smad4 was originally called DPC (deleted in pancreatic cancer)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9369

#XL - T Zoology

Negative regulators of TGF-β signaling are induced by TGF-β signaling (Example of Negative feedback): 

Ski 

SnoN 

I-Smads (Smad7)