Area- and volume-based surveys, Surveys that define the boundaries of an area or volume and then count all the individuals in the space

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Heterosporous two types of sporophylls, called- 

megasporophylls-  spores that develop into Female gametophytes

microsporophylls-  spores that develop into Male gametophytes

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Modes of reproduction

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Gametophyte 

Spores germinate to give small but multicellular, free living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called “Prothallus”

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When gametophytes are retained within original spore case “Endosporic”

eg:  Selaginella, Isoetes, Marsilea

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When gametophytes grow upon the soil and form independent plants “Exosporic”

eg: Psilotum, Pteris, Lycopodium

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Classification of peteridophytes

PSILOPHYΤΑ (WISK FERNS)

Eg: Psilotum