Without the abiotic stressors and without frequent disturbances, plants can grow rapidly for long periods of time, and this creates more competition among plants for soil nutrients and light.

Competitors also tend to grow to larger sizes and exhibit long life spans.

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Effect of light is Photomorphogenesis

 A decrease in the rate of stem elongation

The beginning of apical-hook straightening

The initiation of the synthesis of pigments

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Phytochromes are photoreceptors that absorb red and far-red light most strongly (600–750 nm)

they also absorb blue light (350-500 nm) and UV-A radiation (320–400 nm).

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The amount of light is referred to as the fluence, which is defined as the total number of photons impinging on a unit surface area. Total fluence = fluence rate × the length of time