Two inhibitory phosphorylations on CDK play a critical role in controlling CDK activity:

Y15

T14

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In free CDK2, the A-loop blocks access of protein substrates to the γ phosphate of the bound ATP.

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Downstream of Ras is a highly conserved cascade of three protein kinases-

Ras → Raf → MEK → MAP kinase

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NOD1 also provides protection against the intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma  cruzi,

NOD2 activates responses to some viruses, including influenza.

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Cholera toxin, secreted by Vibrio cholerae Catalyze a covalent modification of the Gαs protein Inhibit GAP activity.

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ATM and DNA-PK are specifically activated by double-strand breaks