A key function of mitotic CDKs, together with other protein kinases and ubiquitin-protein ligases, is to induce the formation of the mitotic spindle, also known as the mitotic apparatus.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8888

#XL - T Zoology

A key function of mitotic CDKs, together with other protein kinases and ubiquitin-protein ligases, is to induce the formation of the mitotic spindle, also known as the mitotic apparatus.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9487

#XL - R Botany

Biotrophs are Specialised (‘obligate’) pathogens

Possess appressoria or haustoria

Narrow host range

Controlled by salicylate-dependent host-defence pathways

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9488

#XL - R Botany

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9489

#XL - R Botany

Biotrophic fungi usually penetrate the rigid cell wall via the formation of a specialized infection structure on the plant

surface called an appressorium. Then, the emerging penetration

peg breaches the rigid plant cell wall and provides entry into the plant cell. Finally, a haustorium forms upon entry into the plant cell.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9490

#XL - R Botany

Necrotrophs are Opportunistic, unspecialised (‘non-obligate’) pathogens and Host cells killed rapidly

Entry unspecialised via wounds or natural openings

Secrete copious cell-wall-degrading (lytic) enzymes and toxins

Appressoria/haustoria not normally produced

Wide host range

Easy to culture axenically

Survive as competitive saprotrophs

Controlled by jasmonate- and ethylene-dependent host-defence pathways

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9491

#XL - R Botany

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9492

#XL - R Botany