The promoter or enhancer segments of all genes regulated by PKA contain a cis-acting DNA sequence, the cAMP-response element (CRE), which

contains the highly conserved nucleotide sequence,

5'-TGACGTCA-3'.

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Loop method for inbreeding coefficient 

Summation of all possible loop (1/2)n

n= number of individuals in loop except than inbreeding

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Negative assortative mating

People only select mates who are phenotypically different from themselves for selective traits. 

Increases the frequency of heterozygous genotypes (Aa).

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Mutation

Mutation has changed the allelic frequency. it increases genetic variation within populations and between population.

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Amount of change in allele frequency as a result of mutation equals the mutation rate times the allelic frequency

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The overall change in allelic frequency is a balance between the opposing forces of forward mutation and reverse  mutation: