Many different types of bacterial Avr effectors delivered by type III secretion have been identified to be enzymes such as phosphatases, proteases, phosphoserine lyases, or E3 ubiquitin ligases that attenuate host defense signaling.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8211

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Autophagosome, or autophagic vesicle

formation of a flattened double-membrane cup-shaped structure that envelops a region of the cytosol or an entire organelle.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8210

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Autophagy (“eating oneself”)

When cells are placed under stressful conditions, they have the capacity to recycle macromolecules for use as nutrients in a process of lysosomal degradation.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8209

#XL - Q Biochemistry

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8208

#XL - Q Biochemistry

There are 4 paths from different sources feed substances into lysosomes for digestion:

• Endocytosis

• Phagocytosis

• Macropinocytosis

• Autophagy

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8207

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Anthocyanin pigments stored in vacuoles

Color the petals of many flowers so as to attract pollinating insects

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8206

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Plant vacuole act as

a storage organelle for nutrients and waste products

a degradative compartment

an economical way of increasing cell size

a controller of turgor pressure