Associative learning – Animal learn the relationship between two events

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9514

#XL - R Botany

Quorum sensing in Erwinia carotovora is mediated by N‐acylhomoserine lactones, small molecules released from the bacterial cells into the surrounding medium.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9515

#XL - R Botany

Phytoplasmas are specialized bacteria that are obligate parasites of the phloem tissue. They are mainly

spread by insects in the families Cicadellidae (leaf hoppers),

Fulgoroidae (plant hoppers), and Psyllidae (jumping plant

lice). 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9516

#XL - R Botany

The xylem‐colonizing bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is transmitted by various species of Homalodisca in the family Cicadellidae.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9517

#XL - R Botany

During infection, most bacteria remain in extracellular spaces and use a specialized mechanism, the type III secretion system (T3SS), to deliver bacterial effector proteins into the plant cell

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9518

#XL - R Botany

The structural components of the T3SS are encoded by the clustered hypersensitive response and pathogenicity cluster (hrp) genes. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9519

#XL - R Botany

Many different types of bacterial Avr effectors delivered by type III secretion have been identified to be enzymes such as phosphatases, proteases, phosphoserine lyases, or E3 ubiquitin ligases that attenuate host defense signaling.