Late blight disease (A), caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans

Black stem rust, which results from infection by the basidiomycete Puccinia graminis

Global banana (Musa spp.) production is under threat from black Sigatoka disease Mycosphaerella fijiensis.

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Malaria (Parasitic)

Sporozoites enter the bloodstream by mosquito.

The sporozoites migrate to the liver, where they multiply, transforming liver hepatocytes into giant multinucleate schizonts, which release thousands of merozoites into the bloodstream. 

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The merozoites infect red blood cells, which eventually rupture, releasing more merozoites. 

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Eventually some of the merozoites differentiate into male and female gametocytes, which are ingested by a mosquito and differentiate into gametes in the mosquito’s gut. 

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The gametes fuse to form a zygote that differentiates to the sporozoite stage within the salivary gland of the mosquito.

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Leishmaniasis

Leishmania is a flagellated protozoan that lives in the phagosomes of macrophages and is transmitted by sand flies.

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Resistance to leishmaniasis correlates well with the production of IFN-ϒ and the development of a TH1 response.

Strains of mice that are naturally resistant to Leishmania develop a TH1 response and produce IFN-ϒ upon infection.