Upon insulin binding, the extracellular domain is converted into a T-shaped conformation that brings the transmembrane domains together.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9369

#XL - T Zoology

Negative regulators of TGF-β signaling are induced by TGF-β signaling (Example of Negative feedback): 

Ski 

SnoN 

I-Smads (Smad7)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9370

#XL - T Zoology

SnoN and Ski trigger abnormal cell proliferation by blocking the Smad-complex.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9371

#XL - T Zoology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9372

#XL - T Zoology

Ski recruits N-CoR, which binds directly to mSin3A; mSin3A interacts with HDAC, that promotes histone deacetylation on nearby promoters, repressing gene expression

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9373

#XL - T Zoology

Smad7 binds to the activated RI receptors and blocks its ability to phosphorylate Smad2 or Smad3. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9374

#XL - T Zoology

Like SOCS proteins in the cytokine signaling, 

Smad7 also recruits an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets TGF-β receptors for degradation.