Retrograde transport

COPI vesicles = cis-Golgi to ER

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8142

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Retrograde transport

COPI vesicles = cis-Golgi to ER

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9372

#XL - T Zoology

Ski recruits N-CoR, which binds directly to mSin3A; mSin3A interacts with HDAC, that promotes histone deacetylation on nearby promoters, repressing gene expression

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9373

#XL - T Zoology

Smad7 binds to the activated RI receptors and blocks its ability to phosphorylate Smad2 or Smad3. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9374

#XL - T Zoology

Like SOCS proteins in the cytokine signaling, 

Smad7 also recruits an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets TGF-β receptors for degradation.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9446

#XL - T Zoology

The cytokines form a family of relatively small, secreted signaling molecules:

Contain about 160–200 AA

4 long, conserved α helices

Control growth and differentiation

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9447

#XL - T Zoology

Large family of cytokines:

Interleukins

Interferons

Growth hormone

Prolactin

G-CSF

Thrombopoietin

Erythropoietin

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9448

#XL - T Zoology

Receptor Homodimerization 

Cytokines (erythropoietin) activate receptors by forming dimers of two identical cytokine receptor proteins