Thorns are modified branches, as in citrus and acacia; spines

are modified leaves

Prickles are derived mainly from the epidermis and thus can be easily snapped off the stem, protect plants from larger herbivores

Trichomes, or hairs, provide a much more effective defense against insect pests

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7355

#XL - T Zoology

The overall change in allelic frequency is a balance between the opposing forces of forward mutation and reverse  mutation:

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9787

#XL - R Botany

Lr34 of wheat, maize Rp1 locus, Xa21 in rice and tomato Pto gene are R genes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8907

#XL - T Zoology

Centromere associated cohesins are specifically protected from phosphorylation dependent removal by protein phosphatase 2A

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10758

#XL - R Botany

Flower is asymmetric (irregular)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9510

#XL - R Botany

Phytopathogenic bacteria reside within the intercellular spaces of plant organs or in the xylem and many damage plant tissues by secreting toxins, extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs), or cell wall‐degrading enzymes.