When Pr molecules are exposed to red light, most of them absorb it and are converted to Pfr, but some of the Pfr also absorbs the red light and is converted back to Pr because both Pr and Pfr absorb red light. 

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Hitchhiking: Change in the frequency of an allele due to linkage with a selected allele at another locus.

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Dollo’s law:  A biological generalization positing that complex characters, once lost in evolution, are extremely unlikely to reappear and thus the loss of complex characters is virtually always irreversible.

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Van Valen law - he found a surprising result: rather straight curves, implying that the probability of extinction is roughly constant.

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Ockham’s principle - Principle of parsimony 

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The Forces of Evolution

mutation, 

genetic drift

gene flow or migration

selection.

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Emergence of evolutionary thoughts