#Question id: 4104
#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes
Consider following statements for catalytic mechanism of RNA polymerase
A. RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase. The reaction involves two Mg2+ ions, coordinated to the phosphate groups of the incoming nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs)
B. Three Asp residues, which are highly conserved in the RNA polymerases of all species. One Mg2+ ion facilitates attack by the 39-hydroxyl group on the phosphate of the NTP; the other Mg2+ ion facilitates displacement of the pyrophosphate, and both metal ions stabilize the pentacovalent transition state.
C. About 17 bp of DNA are unwound at any given time. RNA polymerase and the transcription bubble move from left to right along the DNA as shown, facilitating RNA synthesis. Movement of an RNA polymerase along DNA tends to create negative supercoils (overwound DNA) ahead of the transcription bubble and positive supercoils (underwound DNA) behind it.
D. The RNA polymerase is in close contact with the DNA ahead of the transcription bubble as well as with the separated DNA strands and the RNA within and immediately behind the bubble. A channel in the protein funnels new NTPs to the polymerase active site. The polymerase footprint encompasses about 35 bp of DNA during elongation.
#Question id: 4152
#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes
The pathway for polypeptides exported from E. coli includes the following steps, which occur in what order for correct export?
1. A chaperone, SecA, binds to the polypeptide.
2. A chaperone, SecB, binds to the polypeptide.
3. ATP is hydrolyzed by Sec A.
4. SecA pushes 20 amino acids of the polypeptide into the translocation complex.
#Question id: 11089
#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal
A 45-year-old man inhaled as much air as possible
and then expired with a maximum effort until no more air could be expired. This
produced the maximum expiratory flow-volume curve shown in the following
diagram. What is the forced vital capacity of this man (in liters)?
#Question id: 10609
#Unit 10. Ecological Principles
The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed suggests that
#Question id: 12641
#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant
Column I |
column II |
I)
α-amylase inhibitors |
a)
Antidigestive proteins, block the action of herbivore proteolytic enzymes.
After entering the herbivore’s digestive tract, they hinder protein digestion
by binding tightly and specifically to the active site of protein-hydrolyzing
enzymes such as trypsin and chymotrypsin |
II) Lectins |
b) block the
action of the starch-digesting enzyme |
III)
proteinase inhibitors |
c) A
defensive proteins that bind to carbohydrates or carbohydrate-containing
proteins. After being ingested by an herbivore, bind to the epithelial cells
lining the digestive tract and interfere with nutrient absorption |