NF-κB stimulates expression of several anti-apoptotic proteins, including FLIP, Bcl-XL, A1/Bfl-1, c-IAP, XIAP, TRAF1, and TRAF2.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Leishmaniasis

Leishmania is a flagellated protozoan that lives in the phagosomes of macrophages and is transmitted by sand flies.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Resistance to leishmaniasis correlates well with the production of IFN-ϒ and the development of a TH1 response.

Strains of mice that are naturally resistant to Leishmania develop a TH1 response and produce IFN-ϒ upon infection. 

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Parasitic Worms (Helminths) Typically Generate Weak Immune Responses

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Natural immunity to helminth infections is Th2-type responses, including ILC2s, and IL-4 and IgE production.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Immune Response Generated against Schistosoma mansoni

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Fungal disease

The barriers of innate immunity control most fungi.

Phagocytosis by neutrophils is a strong defense against most fungi