In Drosophila, the X chromosome contains genes encoding four transcription factors that activate the critical gene in Drosophila sex determination, the X-linked locus Sex-lethal (Sxl).

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

In Arabidopsis, PTI induces production of indole glucosinolates, to control of fungal pathogens. 

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

PTI and fungal pathogen entry into epidermal tissue induces several specific cytochrome P450 enzymes, and this leads to accumulation of the indole glucosinolate 4‐methoxyindol‐3‐ylmethylglucosinolate (4M13G).

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound and derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway that accumulates to high levels as both free and glucoside conjugates in the vicinity of incompatible infection sites.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

SA accumulation leads to enhanced local ROS production.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

nahG gene encodes the enzyme salicylate hydroxylase, which converts SA to catechol and thus dramatically reduces SA levels.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Effector‐triggered immunity is a second level of induced defense and stronger than PTI and culminates in the hypersensitive response (HR).