Gain-of-function mutations:

1. Duplication or amplification of the gene

2. A point mutation that results in a hyperactive or constitutively active protein product

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Subunit B recognizes and binds to specific gangliosides on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells and provides a route for subunit A to enter. 

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

When several codons encode the same amino acid and utilize multiple tRNAs, not all of the codons are used with equal frequency. In a phenomenon called codon bias.

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#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Techniques for Measuring Stability

Absorbance (e.g. Trp, Tyr) 

Fluorescence (Trp)-difference in emission max & intensity.

CD (far or near UV) - (2o or 3o) 

NMR 

DSC (calorimetry) 

Urea gradient gels - difference in the migrating rates between F and U.

Catalytic activity 

Chromophoric or fluorophoric probes/FRET 

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

SOS response in E. coli:

When DNA is extensively damaged (such as by UV light), DNA replication is halted and the number of single-strand gaps in the DNA increases.

RecA protein binds to this damaged, single-stranded DNA, activating the protein’s co-protease activity.

While bound to DNA, the RecA protein facilitates cleavage and inactivation of the LexA repressor. When the repressor is inactivated, the SOS genes, including RecA, are induced;