Auxin and cytokinin are both required for the initiation of xylogenesis

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5023

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Replication initiates at the bacterial origin when a cell passes a critical threshold of size/mass triggered by G1 phase protein synthesis. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5024

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

DnaA protein, An initiator protein is synthesized continuously throughout the cell cycle; and its accumulation of a critical amount would trigger initiation.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5025

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Bacteria have two links between replication and cell growth:

• The frequency of initiation of cycles of replication is adjusted to fit the rate at which the cell is growing. 

• The completion of a replication cycle is connected with division of the cell.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5026

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The rate of bacterial growth is assessed by the doubling time, the period required for the number of cells to double.

The shorter the doubling time, the faster the bacteria are growing.

Escherichia coli growth rates can range from doubling times as fast as 18 minutes to slower than 180 minutes.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5027

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The bacterial chromosome is a single replicon; thus, the frequency of replication cycles is controlled by the number of Initiation events at the single origin.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5028

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The replication cycle can be defined in terms of two constants: C and D

C is the fixed time of 40 minutes required to replicate the entire E.coli chromosome. Its duration corresponds to a rate of replication fork movement of 50,000 bp/minute.

D is the fixed time of 20 minutes that elapses between the completion of a round of replication and the cell division with which it is connected. This period may represent the time required to assemblethe components needed for division.