In the absence of trophic factors, nonphosphorylated

Bad binds to Bcl-2, releasing Bax and Bak and allowing them to form oligomeric membrane pores and holes.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 779

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Transcription termination sites are often best characterized in vitro. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 780

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Two type of Terminators 

1. Intrinsic terminators (Rho-independent terminators )

2. Rho-dependent terminators 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 781

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Intrinsic terminators—

1. Inverted Repeat on DNA 

2. Dyad Symmetry

3. Forms GC–rich hairpin 

4. Base of hairpin 7 U residues (T residues in the DNA) 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 782

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

1100 sequences in the E. coli genome that fit these criteria, suggesting more than half of the cell’s transcripts are terminated at intrinsic terminators.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 783

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 784

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Misalignment of RNA combined with the unusually weak RNA–DNA hybrid formed from the rU-dA RNA–DNA base pairs resulting from the stretch of U residues, destabilize the elongation complex.