Kinesin-13 (End-Binding Proteins)

• Bind and curve the end of the tubulin protofilaments into the GDP-β-tubulin conformation

• Facilitate the removal of terminal tubulin dimers 

• Greatly enhancing the frequency of catastrophes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2660

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The energy for Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter is derived from the low intracellular Na+ gradient, which is maintained by the Na+-K+ ATPase

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2661

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Thick ascending limb is called the diluting segment because NaCl is reabsorbed but water is not reabsorbed along with it.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2662

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The tubular fluid that leaves the thick ascending limb has a lower Na+ concentration and a lower osmolarity than blood.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2663

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Recycling of K+ 

Most, but not all, of the K+ that enters the cell through cotransporter leaves the cell across BM, A portion of the K+, diffuses back into the lumen.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2664

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is the site of action of the powerful “loop” diuretics.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2665

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

“Loop” Diuretics are:

Furosemide

Ethacrynic acid

Bumetanide