The Cl – moves into the interstitium via ClC-Kb channels & Barttin, a protein in the cell membrane, is essential for normal ClC-Kb

function

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

When blood is actively ejected from the atrium to the ventricle through the open AV valves. The corresponding “blip” in ventricular pressure reflects this additional volume added to the ventricle from atrial systole.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Fourth heart sound (S4)

Not audible in normal adults

Heard in ventricular hypertrophy, where ventricular compliance is decreased

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction

Initiates contraction of the ventricles

Intraventricular pressure rises sharply as the myocardium presses on the blood in the ventricle

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction As soon as ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure, the AV valve closes. 

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Closure of the AV valves produces the first heart sound (S1).

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

During isovolumetric Ventricular contraction, the volume of the ventricle does not change because all valves are closed.