As cells enter the primitive streak, they undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7962

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Hac1 activates transcription of genes encoding several protein-folding catalysts.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7963

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

A hereditary form of emphysema illustrates the detrimental effects that can result from misfolding of proteins in the ER.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7964

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Emphysema caused by a point mutation in -antitrypsin, which is normally secreted by hepatocytes and macrophages.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7965

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Unassembled or misfolded proteins in the ER are often transported back to the cytosol, where they are degraded in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7966

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Binding of BiP to the luminal domain of monomeric Ire1 prevents formation of the Ire1 dimer.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7967

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Hydrolysis of the bound GTP accompanies disassembly of the SRP and SRP receptor and initiates transfer of the nascent chain and ribosome to a site on the ER membrane, where translocation can take place.