Properties of allergens

 a. Allergens are either protein or glycoprotein in nature, with multiple antigenic sites.

 b. Many allergens have intrinsic enzymatic activity that affects the immune response.

c.  Many allergens contain potential pathogen associated molecular patterns.

d.  Many allergens enter the host via mucosal tissues at very low concentrations, which tend to predispose the individual to generate TH2 responses, leading to B-cell secretion of IgE.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5563

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

This gradient is produced by the operation of the loops of Henle as countercurrent multipliers and maintained by the operation of the vasa recta as countercurrent

exchangers 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5564

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A countercurrent system is a system in which the inflow runs parallel to, counter to, and in close proximity to the outflow for some distance. This occurs for both the loops of Henle and the vasa recta in the renal medulla

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5565

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A countercurrent system is a system in which the inflow runs parallel to, counter to, and in close proximity to the outflow for some distance. This occurs for both the loops of Henle and the vasa recta in the renal medulla

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5566

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Assume first a condition in which osmolality is 300 mOsm/kg of H2O throughout the descending and ascending limbs & medullary interstitium

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5567

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Assume first a condition in which osmolality is 300 mOsm/kg of H2O throughout the descending and ascending limbs & medullary interstitium

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5568

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Assume in addition that the pumps in the thick ascending limb can pump 100 mOsm/kg of Na+ & Cl– from the tubular fluid to the interstitium, increasing interstitial osmolality to 400 mOsm/kg of H2O