A countercurrent system is a system in which the inflow runs parallel to, counter to, and in close proximity to the outflow for some distance. This occurs for both the loops of Henle and the vasa recta in the renal medulla

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1097

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Four classes of ATP-powered pumps:

P-class pumps

V-class pumps

F-class pumps

ABC Superfamily

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1098

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

ATP powered pumps transport ions and various small molecules across membranes always against their concentration gradients.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1099

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

P1 ATPases transports

Cu+, Ag+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and Co2+.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1100

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

P2 ATPases transports 

Na+, K+, H+ Ca2+, Mg2+ and phospholipids

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1101

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

P3 ATPases transports-H+ & Mg+2 

7. P4 ATPases are flippases, transports phospholipids 

PS, PC and PE.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1102

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Na+/K+ ATPase generates the low cytosolic Na+ and high cytosolic K+ concentrations.