dN/dt has its maximum at an intermediate population Size specifically, at N = K/2.

Maximum sustainable yield = rK/2

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8250

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Fundamental Behind VWI is DIPOLE

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8251

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Electrons are constantly are moving in an atom, so dipoles are probable of occurring.

A dipole is defined as molecules or atoms with equal and opposite electrical charges separated by a small distance.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8252

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

There are four major DIPOLES that decide VWI

1. spontaneous (or instantaneous) dipoles

2. Dipole-Dipole Interaction

3. Induced Dipoles

4. Spontaneous Dipole-Induced Dipole Interaction

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8253

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Spontaneous (or instantaneous) dipoles

When groups of electrons move to one end of the atom, it creates a dipole. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8254

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Dipole-Dipole Interaction

Dipole-Dipole interactions occur between molecules that have permanent dipoles; these molecules are also referred to as polar molecules.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8255

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Potential energy of Dipole-Dipole Interaction

V is the potential energy

μ is the dipole moment

ϵo is the vacuum permittivity.

R is the length between the two nuclei