An arrested RNA polymerase can restart transcription by cleaving the RNA transcript to generate a new 3' end.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4551

#Unit 12. Applied Biology

Gardasil is an HPV vaccine that protects against infection by human papillomavirus (HPV). This vaccine is highly protective against viral infection, including genital warts and cervical, vulvar, and vaginal cancers caused by HPVs.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4552

#Unit 12. Applied Biology

The HPV vaccine is a preparation of virus-like particles of the major L1 capsid proteins from these viruses. The L1 proteins have been genetically engineered to be expressed by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and are released by disruption of the recombinant yeast cells as self-assembled virus-like Particles.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4553

#Unit 12. Applied Biology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2725

#Unit 12. Applied Biology

Vectors For The Production Of Transgenic Plants

Plasmid vectors (Ti plasmid, Ri plasmid)

Plant virus vectors (Cauliflower Mosaic Virus, Gemini Viruses, Tobacco Mosaic Virus)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2726

#Unit 12. Applied Biology

Scorable reporter genes

The gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) isolated from the jellyfish (Aequorea victoria) has emerged as a very useful scorable marker, and it does not require addition of any substrate, cofactor.

Gene uidA encodes the enzyme β-glucourinidase, which acts on the substrate X-gluc (5-Br-4 Cl-3-indolyl-β-D-glucuronide). The substrate is cleaved by the enzyme within plant cells (transformed/transgenic), and the product is converted into an insoluble blue precipitate at the site of enzyme activity.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2727

#Unit 12. Applied Biology

Selectable reporter genes

Selectable marker genes include those conferring resistance to methotrexate (dhfr, isolated from Tn7 or plasmid R67); the antibiotics kanamycin (nptII, encoding neomycin phosphotransfcrase) and hygromycin (hptIV, encoding hygromycin phosphotransferase, .isolated from E. coli);