During electrophoresis generation of heat is the major problem which leads to

ncreased rate of diffusion of sample and buffer ions.

Thermal instability which include denaturation of proteins.

A decrease of buffer viscosity.

Convection current leads mixing of separated samples

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Rhodopsin has two components: 

Opsin protein, member of the GPCR A family 

11-cis-retinal light-absorbing pigment

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

11-cis-retinal covalently attached to the amino group of lysine residue 296 in the opsin protein

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The heterotrimeric G protein coupled to rhodopsin, called transducin (Gt)

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In the absence of light,  bound 11-cis-retinal locks the rhodopsin into its inactive (R) conformation

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Absorption of light causes rapid photoisomerization of the bound cis-retinal to the all-trans isomer, triggering a conformational change in opsin that activate the Gαt.