The specificity of the PCR depends crucially upon the primers. The following factors are important in choosing effective primers

Primers should be 17 to 30 nucleotides in length

A GC content of about 50% is ideal. For primers with a low GC content, it is desirable to choose a long primer to avoid a low melting

 temperature.

Sequences with long runs (i.e., more than three or four) of a single nucleotide should be avoided.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1621

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

COX2, whose synthesis is induced by PRR activation in monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and mast cells, is key to converting the lipid intermediate arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, potent proinflammatory mediators.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1622

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

IFN-α or -β activates IFNAR to recruit and activate specific JAKs (JAK1 and Tyk2), which then activate specific STATs induce expression of three genes, Protein kinase R (PKR), which inhibits viral (and cellular) protein synthesis by inhibiting the elongation factor eIF2α; 2’,5’-oligoadenlyate A synthetase, which activates the ribonuclease RNase L that degrades viral mRNA; and Mx proteins, which inhibit both the transcription of viral genes into mRNAs and the assembly of virus particles.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1623

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Defensins (α and β) Disrupt membranes of bacteria, fungi, protozoan.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1624

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Lactoferrin Binds and sequesters iron, limiting growth of bacteria and fungi.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1625

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Surfactant proteins SP-A, SP-D Block bacterial surface components; promotes phagocytosis.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1626

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

calprotectin Binds and sequesters divalent cations, limiting growth of bacteria and fungi.