The probe must span the sequence where the transcript starts or ends. After hybridizing the probe to the transcript, one applies S1 nuclease, which degrades only single-stranded DNA and RNA.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10390

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Four stages of the evolutionary progression of cancer:

Initiation→Cancer progression → Evasion of cancer cell elimination  → Tumor growth and dispersal 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10391

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Cancer cells 

acquire a drive to proliferate 

does not require an external inducing signal

fail to sense signals that restrict cell division

survive when they should die

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10392

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Tumors are detected only after they have reached 1cm3 in size.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10393

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Precancerous cells have: 

lost contact inhibition

less adherent and more rounded than normal cells

continue to divide

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10394

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Malignant tumors are classified by their embryonic

tissue of origin:

Carcinomas -derive from epithelia such as endoderm

(gut epithelium) or ectoderm (skin and neural epithelia) 

Sarcomas - derive from mesoderm (muscle, blood, and

connective tissue precursors)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10395

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Leukemias 

a class of sarcomas, grow as individual cells in the blood