If the sample is hydrophobic Organic solvent is used, then to separat

Differing molecular size - Molecular exclusion system.

Weakly ionic or polar - Reversed-phase partition system.

Strongly ionic - Ion-exchange system or Reversed-phase partition system with lon-pairing is used.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The run-on reaction is usually done in the presence of labeled nucleotides so the products will be labeled.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2737

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Nuclear run-on transcription is a way of ascertaining which genes are active in a given cell by allowing transcription of these genes to continue in isolated nuclei.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The run-on assay can also be used to determine the effects of assay conditions on nuclear transcription.

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#Id: 2739

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

To measure the activity of a promoter, one can link it to a reporter gene, such as the genes encoding b-galactosidase, CAT, or luciferase, and let 

the easily assayed reporter gene products indicate the activity of the promoter.

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#Id: 2740

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

You can use S1 mapping or primer extension analysis to do this measurement, but you can also substitute a reporter gene for the natural gene, and then assay the activity of the reporter gene product.

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#Id: 2741

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Gene expression can be quantified by measuring the accumulation of the protein products of genes. Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation 

are the favorite ways of accomplishing this task.