The ratio VS/VM is referred to as the volumetric phase ratio, b. Hence:

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Retinal ganglion cells contain melanopsin.

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Types of retinal ganglion cells:

large ganglion cells (magno, or M cells)

small ganglion cells (parvo, or P cells)

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A lesion that interrupts one optic nerve causes blindness in that eye.

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Homonymous (same side of both 

visual fields) Hemianopia (half blindness)

A lesion in one optic tract causes blindness in half of the visual field

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Heteronymous (opposite sides of the visual fields) Hemianopia 

A lesions in the optic chiasm

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The responses of the rods, cones, and horizontal cells are hyperpolarizing potential