F1 has nine subunits of five different types, with the composition α₃ β₃ ϒδε

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 836

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Some necrotrophs produce host‐selective toxins as HC toxin produced by the fungal pathogen Cochliobolus carbonum of maize (Zea mays) inhibits histone deacetylase activity.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 837

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Alternaria produces the AAL toxin, which activates a plant cell death program in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 838

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

ToxA is produced by both Stagonospora nodorum and Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis, which cause glume blotch and tan spot disease

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9913

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9914

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Tools against infectious diseases

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9915

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Intracellular infections are the most difficult for the immune system to detect and eradicate; these can be divided into membrane-bound and cytosolic, with differing key immune response mediators