Overlapping gene are the same sequence of DNA encodes two nonhomologous proteins because it uses more than one reading frame.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The run-on assay can also be used to determine the effects of assay conditions on nuclear transcription.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

To measure the activity of a promoter, one can link it to a reporter gene, such as the genes encoding b-galactosidase, CAT, or luciferase, and let 

the easily assayed reporter gene products indicate the activity of the promoter.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

You can use S1 mapping or primer extension analysis to do this measurement, but you can also substitute a reporter gene for the natural gene, and then assay the activity of the reporter gene product.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Gene expression can be quantified by measuring the accumulation of the protein products of genes. Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation 

are the favorite ways of accomplishing this task.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is a DNA marker that is defined by differences between individuals in terms of DNA regions either being or not being; amplified in a polymerase chain reaction primed by random oligonucleotide (usually, 10-mer) sequences. 

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Polymorphism is produced due to the complementary sequence for the primer used being

present in one strain (strain A) but not in the other (strain B). As a result, an amplification product will be detectable as a band in strain A, while strain B will not show the product.