Topological states of covalently closed, circular (ccc) DNA. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9507

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The effector SylA is secreted by the bacteria into the host plant cells. Once inside the cells, SylA irreversibly inhibits the proteasome

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9508

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Fusicoccum amygdali produces the toxin fusicoccin, which targets the plasma membrane H+‐ATPase in many plant species

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9509

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic fungus that infects over 400 plant species. It secretes the phytotoxin oxalic acid to assist the early phases of the infection

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9510

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Phytopathogenic bacteria reside within the intercellular spaces of plant organs or in the xylem and many damage plant tissues by secreting toxins, extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs), or cell wall‐degrading enzymes.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9511

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Coronatine is a toxin effector produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae to mimic the plant hormone jasmonic acid‐isoleucine and this assists bacterial infection.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9512

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Coronatine is involved in causing stomata to open after closing in response to PAMPs, as well as in interfering with salicylic acid (SA)‐mediated defense responses.