When the positive terminal is on the right arm, the lead is known as the aVR lead.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9138

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Kleptoparasitism, meaning parasitism by theft, is a form of feeding where one animal takes food that another has caught.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9139

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Kleptoparasitism, meaning parasitism by theft, is a form of feeding where one animal takes food that another has caught.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9140

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Brood parasitism is a specific kind of kleptoparasitism in which individuals manipulate others to feed and look after their young.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9141

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Mafia hypothesis – In Brood parasitism

Cuckoos or cowbirds check their host’s nests and destroy all eggs if their owner is not present. If the parasite egg has been removed, they destroy the host’s nest and kill or injure the nestlings.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9142

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Five necessary attributes

General adaptability to the environment. 

High searching capacity for hosts. 

High rate of increase relative to the hosts. 

Good dispersal ability. 

Minimal time lag effects in responding to changes in host numbers.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9143

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Host-Parasite Models