A mutation that confers a more advantageous phenotype to an organism, relative to Individuals in the same population without the mutation, is positive selection of that organism.

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The original template sequence will also be copied during the second and all subsequent cycles to generate the 'long product'. Therefore, the long product continues to increase linearly, while the 'correct PCR' product will multiply exponentially. 

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#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Major genes affecting segmentation pattern 

1.Gap genes                 2. Pair rule genes(primary)           3. Segment polarity genes      

Kruppel (Kr)                    hairy(h)                                             engrailed (en)

knirps (kni)                      even skipped(eve)                           wingless (wg)

hunchback (hb)              runt(run)                                           cubitus interruptus(ci) 

giant (gt)                          Pair rule genes (secondary)           hedgehog(hh)

tailless (til)                       fushi tarazu (ftz)                              fused (fu)

huckebein (hkb)              odd paired (opa)                             armadillo (arm)

buttonhead (btd)            odd skipped (odd)                          patched (ptc)

empty spiracles (ems)    sloppy paired (slp)                          gooseberry (gsb)

orthodenticle (otd)         paired (prd)                                      pangolin (pan

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Promoter mutations are also cis-acting. If they prevent RNA polymerase from binding at P-lac, the structural genes are never transcribed.

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

No matter how it is born, a new gene starts its life as a single copy in the population.

As with any new mutation, by far the most likely outcome is that it will be lost by random drift or selection over the next few generations