A chi-squared test (symbolically represented as χ2) is basically a data analysis on the basis of observations of a random set of variables. Usually, it is a comparison of two statistical data sets.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9401

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Animal cognition

Some animal, especially many mammal, bird have cognitive ability that  extend to reasoning, problem solving, tool used and symbolic  communication.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9402

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Home range

A home range is an area of land where animals live which is not actively  defended, and animals of the same species move around freely.

1. Home ranges are also usually much larger than a territory.

2. Home range is  overlapping in a time or space

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9403

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Territory

It is an area of land that is actively defended against animals of the same species or against animals of the same species and gender.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9404

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Territorial behavior

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9405

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Costs & benefits of territorial defense

Cost

Defending a territory requires time & energy and may, if aggressive defense is  needed, may pose some risk of injury.

Benefits‐

The improved access to resources represents  the 'benefit(s)' of territory defense.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9406

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Optimum territory size when benefit is greater than cost