The nuclear genes that encode messages for chloroplast proteins:  the small subunit of ribulose-1,6-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) and the major light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b–binding proteins associated with the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHCII-b proteins).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2541

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The PCR primers must not have self complementary regions as this would lead to hairpin formation within primer molecules and make then unsuitable for PCR.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2542

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The partially hybridized primers may become extended by the DNA polymerase and are amplified; sometimes this may monopolize the PCR .

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2543

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The two primers used in a PCR reaction have identical Tm for successful and specific amplification. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2544

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The efficiency of amplification declines with an increase in the length of the target sequence.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2545

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Efficiency of PCR is affected by primer length; it declines if the primers used for PCR arc too long.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2546

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The annealing temperature has a marked influence on PCR efficiency; a temperature higher than the ideal annealing temperature reduces PCR efficiency.