The inherent leakiness of the sinus nodal fibers to sodium and calcium ions causes their self-excitation.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1363

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

JAK kinases become activated after ligand binding and receptor dimerization.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1364

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Phosphorylation of the activation loop leads to a conformational change in the JAK kinase that enhances the affinity of the enzyme for ATP & increasing kinase activity.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1365

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

JAK kinases phosphorylate several tyrosine residues on the cytosolic domain of the cytokine receptor.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1366

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Phosphotyrosines function as docking sites for STAT proteins.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1367

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

All STAT proteins contain: 

An N-terminal DNA-binding domain

An SH2 domain

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1368

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In both RTKs and cytokine receptors, short amino acid sequences containing a phosphotyrosine residue are bound by signal-transducing proteins with conserved SH2 domains.