If individuals in one patch go extinct, other individuals in other patches survive, and they supply individuals

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Difference is known as beta diversity, or β diversity

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Chaperonins GroEL and GroES sequester and ensure the correct folding of the newly synthesized large subunit (L). 

The assembly chaperone (RbcX)2 binds the large subunit and provides positional information for proper association of large subunit dimers to form the L8–((RbcX)2)8 complex. 

The small subunit (S) associates with L8–((RbcX)2)8, triggering a conformational change in RbcL and eliciting 

the release of (RbcX)2 and formation of the catalytically mature Rubisco holoenzyme [L]8–[S]8.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

p53,  Induces the expression of CDK inhibitor p21 Induces apoptosis

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

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#Unit 8. Inheritance Biology

Types of Aneuploidy

Nullisomy is the loss of both members of a homologous pair of chromosomes. It is represented as 2n-2.

Monosomy is the loss of a single chromosome, represented as 2n-1. 

Trisomy is the gain of a single chromosome, represented as 2n+1. 

Tetrasomy is the gain of two homologous chromosomes, represented as 2n+2.