Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) 

Tripeptide

Stimulates secretion of TSH by thyrotropes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10035

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

NF-κB signaling is turned off by negative feedback

regulation because one of the genes whose transcription is induced by NF-κB encodes I-κBα.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10036

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Signalsomes 

Signal transduction by the interleukin 1 and TLRs involves formation of huge multiprotein complexes, activate I-κB kinase

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10037

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

IL-1β receptors contain a globular TIR domain; binding of IL-1β to IL-1 receptors triggers dimerization

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10038

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

After dimerization MyD88 proteins bind to the IL-1R through the TIRs, and facilitates the binding of many copies of the kinases IRAK4 and IRAK1 or IRAK2

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10039

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Activated IRAK1/2, binds TRAF6, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, to the signalsome, and promotes the formation of an extended 2-D lattice formed by TRAF6-TRAF6 interactions.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10040

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TRAF6 catalyzes synthesis of long K-63-linked polyubiquitin chains that are covalently linked to TRAF6 itself.