CAP–cAMP complex stimulates transcription of the lac operon by binding to an activator-binding site adjacent to the promoter and helping RNA polymerase bind to the promoter.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

p53

extremely unstable protein and generally does not accumulate to high enough levels to stimulate transcription under normal conditions

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

MDM2

catalyzes the ubiquitinylation of p53 & targeting it for proteasomal degradation

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Rapid degradation of p53 is inhibited by ATM and ATR, after DNA damage

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Phosphorylation of p53 on a serine residue in the N-terminus by ATM or DNA-PK displaces bound MDM2 from p53, thereby stabilizing it

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

MDM2 levels in the cytoplasm are controlled by

ATR and p14ARF (p19ARF in the mouse), sequesters it in the nucleolus, where it cannot access p53.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Neoantigens are self-antigens generated by tumor cells because of genomic mutations, also derive from unique proteins or peptides produced by dysregulated RNA splicing and disordered post-translational protein modification