CAP–cAMP complex stimulates transcription of the lac operon by binding to an activator-binding site adjacent to the promoter and helping RNA polymerase bind to the promoter.

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A regulatory site that binds more negative regulators than positive regulators to control transcription is called a silencer.

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Promoters that are constitutively expressed and needed in all cells (their genes are sometimes called housekeeping genes) have upstream sequence elements that are recognized by ubiquitous activators.

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Proteins bound at enhancer elements interact with proteins bound at promoter elements via DNA looping, very often through intermediates called coactivators.

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Eukaryotic transcription is most often under positive regulation: A transcription factor is provided under tissue-specific control to activate a promoter or set of promoters that contain a common target sequence.

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There are five common subunits in all three RNA Polymerases

Rpb5

Rpb6

Rpb8

Rpb10

Rpb12

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes