In mammalian cells, Cdc6 is controlled differently; it is phosphorylated during S phase, and as a result it is degraded by the ubiquitination pathway.  Cdt1 is initially stabilized by the protein Geminin, which prevents its degradation, and subsequent Geminin binding prevents its reuse

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10324

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

PD-1 has a structure similar to CTLA-4 and when activated negatively regulates T-cell function by inducing apoptosis of activated T cells. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10325

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Monoclonal Antibodies Against Immune Checkpoint Molecules to Treat Cancers

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10326

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Antibodies against 

CTLA-4

PD-L1 or PD-1

A CTLA-4-blocking antibody, ipilimumab

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10327

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Engineering T cells contain specially engineered T cell receptors, called chimeric antigen receptors, and the modified cells are called CAR T cells

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10328

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Engineering T Cells to Recognize Tumor Antigens

When reactivated by inhibition of the immune checkpoint, have the capacity to recognize and kill some tumors with a large burden of mutations.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10329

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Binding of the extracellular TCR domain to a MHC-peptide complex triggers activation of ZAP70 protein tyrosine kinases attached to the cytosolic domains of the two adjacent ζ chains.