Tundra:   Tundra is found at high latitudes, adjacent to ice margins, where insolation is low.  Tundra is the youngest of all biomes as it was formed after the retreat of glaciers 10000 years ago.  Lack of light and rainfall mean (25 cm per year) that rates of photosynthesis and productivity are low. Large part of the year, water can be locked away in permafrost, a layer of permanently frozen soil below 0.5–1 m.

#Id: 2517

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

DNA from Salmonella species, when digested with the restriction enzyme Xba I, gives around 15 fragments ranging from 25 kb to 680kb. This pattern of fragments, or ‘fingerprint’, is unique to that strain. If the same fingerprint is found from bacteria from other infected people, then it can be assumed that they were all infected from a common source which can be analyzed by PFGE

#Id: 2518

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Electrophoresis of normal RNA can be done in a 2% agarose gel in about 1 h while, Ribosomal RNAs (18 S and 28 S) are clearly resolved in 2.5–5% acrylamide gradient gel with an overnight run. 

#Id: 2519

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Capillary zone electrophoresis is the example of free solution electrophoresis with highest resolution using high voltage and using Electrophoretic mobility (EFM) & Electroendosmosis force (EEOF).

#Id: 2520

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Capillary zone electrophoresis can analyze hybridization probes, gene-cloning, DNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), HIV load, site-directed mutagenesis, & antisense therapeutics.

#Id: 2521

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Point mutations in DNA, quantification of DNA, Chiral compounds all ca be analyzed by using Capillary zone electrophoresis.

#Id: 2522

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Output of capillary zone electrophoresis known as electropherogram.