As a general rule, increased processivity reduces the likelihood of slippage at long sequence of dTn:dAn or frameshift mutation 

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Glycoproteins have traditionally been detected on protein gels by use of the periodic acid–Schiff ( PAS) stain

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Quantitative analysis (i.e., measurements of the relative amounts of different proteins in a sample) can be achieved by scanning densitometry .

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Larger fragment DNA are isolated by using agarose gel while shorter fragment are separated by 3.5% polyacrylamide gels are used to separate DNA in the range 80–1000 nt and 12% gels to resolve fragments of between 20 and 100 nt.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis are used to separate very large fragment of DNA 2 × 103 kb, Essentially, this allows the separation of whole chromosomes by electrophoresis.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis involves electrophoresis in agarose, where two electric fi elds are applied alternately at different angles for defined time periods (e.g. 60 s)

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

 PFGE has proved particularly useful in identifying the course of outbreaks of bacterial food-borne illness (e.g. Salmonella infections).