Hydrolysis of pyrophosphate makes phosphodiester bond a highly favorable reaction with a DG of –7 kcal/mol, which corresponds to an equilibrium constant (Keq) of 105.

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Binding of SR proteins to ESEs promotes or stabilizes U1 binding to the 5’ splice site and U2AF binding to the 3’ splice site.

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The Nova and Fox families of RNA-binding proteins can promote or suppress splice site selection in a context-dependent fashion.

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Trans-splicing is rare in multicellular eukaryotes, it occurs as the primary mechanism to process precursor RNA into mature, translatable mRNAs in some organisms, such as trypanosomes and nematodes.

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

 The SL RNA provides an exon that is connected to the first exon of an mRNA by trans-splicing. The reaction involves the same interactions as nuclear cis splicing but generates a Y-shaped RNA instead of a lariat.

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

In C. elegans, about 70% of genes are processed by the trans-splicing mechanism

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

A very different form of RNA editing is found in the RNA transcripts that encode proteins in the mitochondria of trypanosomes.