A set of seven structural nucleoporins forms a Y-shaped structure about the size of the ribosome, known as the Y complex.

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#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

When several codons encode the same amino acid and utilize multiple tRNAs, not all of the codons are used with equal frequency. In a phenomenon called codon bias.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Diphtheria

Natural infection with C. diphtheriae occurs only in humans and is spread by respiratory droplets. 

The organism colonizes the nasopharyngeal tract and causes little tissue damage, with only a mild inflammatory reaction. 

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

oxoG:A repair, Oxidation of guanine produces oxoG. 

The modified base can be repaired before replication by DNA glycosylase via the base excision pathway. 

If replication occurs before the oxoG is removed, resulting in the misincorporation of an A, then a fail-safe glycosylase can remove the A, allowing it to be replaced by a C. 

This provides a second opportunity for the DNA glycosylase to remove the modified base.