Autophagy occurs in the following sequence of steps:

Induction by activation of mTOR complex 1

• Nucleation of autophagosome formation by ATG9

• Closure of the membrane cup to form autophagosome

• Fusion of the autophagosome with lysosomes, catalyzed by SNAREs.

• Digestion of the inner membrane and the lumenal contents of the autophagosome

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7438

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Slug migrates to the top layer of the soil, where it proceeds to build the fruiting structure.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7924

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Cardiolipin

an unusual “double” phospholipid containing four fatty acid chains

found primarily in the inner mitochondrial membrane

acts to improve the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, by restricting proton flow across the membrane

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 869

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The efficiency of PCR can be calculated by using Y = X (1+ E)n X is number of templates, E is mean PCR efficiency, n is number is PCR cycle. 

 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3993

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9950

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Parasitic Worms (Helminths) Typically Generate Weak Immune Responses