24 possible ways in which two adjacent ~ hairpin motifs, each consisting of two antiparallel ~ strands connected by a loop region, can be combined to make a more complex motif.

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

mtDNA is located in the mitochondrial matrix, and in the rapidly growing cells, mtDNA is often seen in regions devoid of densely stacked cristae.

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

A human cell has about 1000–2000 mtDNA molecules

A human egg has about 500,000 mtDNA molecules

A sperm has only about 100 mtDNA molecules

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

The mtDNAs of most multicellular animals are approximately 16-kb circular molecules that encode intron-less genes compactly arranged on both DNA strands.

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Vertebrate mtDNAs encode 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and 13 proteins involved in electron transport and ATP synthesis. 

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

The smallest mitochondrial genomes in Plasmodium, are only about 6 kb, encoding three proteins and the mitochondrial rRNAs.

Arabidopsis thaliana, has 366 kb of mtDNA and cucurbit plants have about 2 Mb of mtDNA.

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Chloramphenicol, blocks protein synthesis by bacterial and mitochondrial ribosomes

Cycloheximide, does not affect protein synthesis by mitochondrial ribosomes