In humans, three genes encode lamins: 

Lamins A and C (alternatively spliced gene) 

Lamins B1 and B2

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#Id: 3304

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Factors that slow the flow of electrons through the respiratory chain increase the formation of superoxide, perhaps by prolonging the lifetime of ^• O ₂ ^- generated in the Q cycle,

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#Id: 3305

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

To prevent oxidative damage by • O2 2 , cells have several forms of the enzyme superoxide dismutase, which catalyzes the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

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#Id: 3307

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Glutathione contains γ-Glu-Cys-Gly

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#Id: 3308

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) thus generated is rendered harmless by the action of glutathione peroxidase.

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#Id: 3310

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Glutathione probably helps maintain the sulfhydryl groups of proteins in the reduced state and the iron of heme in the ferrous (Fe 2+ ) state, and it serves as a reducing agent for glutaredoxin in deoxy ribonucleotide synthesis.

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#Id: 3312

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Redox function is also used to remove toxic peroxides formed in the normal course of growth and metabolism under aerobic conditions, catalyzed by glutathione peroxidase.